Mortgage Grapevine
Renewable Energy Group, LLC. Rodney Sparrow Scam alert!
Renewable Energy Group, LLC. & Rodney Sparrow takes upfront fees and then does not return calls or emails. I sent $ for a site visit to Renewable Energy Group, LLC. & Rodney Sparrow and as soon as I confirmed that the $ was sent all the communication stopped. Several days passed and only when I posted a scam or fraud alert on the Grapevine about Renewable Energy Group, LLC. & Rodney Sparrow did he finally returned my call. Only to insist that I remove the posting. He also said that I would be getting a call from his hedge fund in regard to the loan. Several weeks have now passed and nothing has happened. No due dilligence, no site visit, no call from the hedge fund as stated would happen from Rodney Sparrow, nothing. If anyone is dealing with this guy beware. If anyone has experienced any contact with Renewable Energy Group,LLC. & Rodney Sparrow please advise asap. Thank you.
by DKG October 6, 2008 12:00 AM
That name alone just sounds SHADY. Do your due diligence first before you send funds to anyone especially on this site. I would say 7 out of 10 companies responding to loan posts on this site do not have the ability, capacity, relationships, or funds to close loans........especially in this market.
by Whodunit October 6, 2008 12:00 AM
I just want to let everyone know that he is a thief.
by DKG October 7, 2008 12:00 AM
Can you send more information on this case?
Thank you
Jean Pierre Fournier
by jeanpif October 15, 2008 12:00 AM
Can you send me more information on this case?
Thank you,
Jean Pierre Fournier
by jeanpif October 15, 2008 12:00 AM
DKG--
My firm is in discussions with Rodney Sparrow. Please let me know how I can contact you directly to learn more about your experience.
Best,
Alex Norman
by alexsnorman October 17, 2008 12:00 AM
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
Plain and simple here people. I pulled this off his website
Mr. Rodney T Sparrow
Renewable Energy Group LLC
500 Ala Moana Blvd.
Suite 400 Honolulu, HI 96821
I called this building in Hawaii and he does not work there nor is his company there. Infact the address to this building is a different zip code. We almost got suckered and did the conference call with him and everything. He found out we were not ideal candidates and never called us back...this is too funny
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
(808) 533-1031
500 Ala Moana Boulevard #400,
Honolulu, HI 96817
Call this number and you will reach receptionsist for entire floor, she has been there for 5 years and does not know him..
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
DKG please contact my office...if u got taken by him
by glaksla1 November 3, 2008 12:00 AM
Renewable Energy Group is Fraud. I am a Broker in Hawaii and almost submitted a deal to him. Did the whole conference call thing with my client & him. He wanted a DD fee upfront LOL. I work 5 minutes from his so called offices in Restaurant Row (that´s what the comlex is called) and went dow there to check it out and confirmed he does not exist. When I asked him to provide references on deals he has funded in Hawaii, he respoded by saying it´s a confidetiality issue so he can´t provide it. Just beware nowdays and always do your DD and ask for references on past funded deals and do research on the company.
by davieboy54 November 6, 2008 12:00 AM
I am currently in discussions with this group. I sent a package to this group which was undeliverable and returned. Sent it another time to a different address and no one has responded except to say it is in underwriting and they need money to finish it. PO says it was never picked up.
Is there anyone legit out there?
Thank you
JB
by 23bankers November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
Anyone who wants additional info about REG, LLC. can contact me at 845-365-3414
by DKG November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
Anyone who wants additional info about REG, LLC. can contact me at 845-365-3414
by DKG November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
glaksla1 November 3, 2008 , alexsnorman October 17, 2008, jeanpif October 15, 2008
Anyone who wants additional info about REG, LLC. can contact me at 845-365-3414
by DKG November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
glaksla1 November 3, 2008 , alexsnorman October 17, 2008, jeanpif October 15, 2008
Anyone who wants additional info about REG, LLC. can contact me at 845-365-3414
by DKG November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
glaksla1 November 3, 2008 , alexsnorman October 17, 2008, jeanpif October 15, 2008
Anyone who wants additional info about REG, LLC. can contact me at 845-365-3414 or perferably email me at dgeithner81@yahoo.com
by DKG November 14, 2008
by DKG November 14, 2008 12:00 AM
I tried calling you but phone number says its disconnected. We are trying to work with Rodney and I am getting the impression he is a scam since we never get any answers from him on legitamcy. Please help by replying to me on your impressions. writing@soon.com.
by UsaTody December 1, 2008 12:00 AM
I have more information about Rodney Sparrow. If you have any information about him present it as well.
Email: hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com
by needtoknow December 8, 2008 12:00 AM
davieboy54 check out the following address:
Sparrow, Rodney
607 North King St
App 454
Honolulu, Hawaii 96817
United States
A Whois check on renewableenergygroupllc.com shows a one Rodney Sparrow at the above mentioned address.
davieboy54 please turn and report.
email: hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com
Contact via email ASAP
by needtoknow December 8, 2008 12:00 AM
Need contact from:
Jean Pierre Fournier
Alex Norman
by needtoknow December 8, 2008 12:00 AM
Rodney T. Sparrow, Lance Young and Renewable Energy Group, LLC are FRAUDS. FRAUD FRAUD FRAUD
by needtoknow December 10, 2008 12:00 AM
Rodney T Sparrow is a Fraud. Do not deal with him.
Rodney Sparrow
607 N King
Apt 454 A
Honolulu, HI 69817
(Doubt he still lives there)
by needtoknow December 11, 2008 12:00 AM
As of July 29, 2008, there was a bench warrant out for a Rodney T Sparrow on the Big Island. (Not the same as Honolulu). This is a failure to appear, possibly traffic.
Click Here
by Mort Gage December 11, 2008 12:00 AM
Mort Gage Do you have any other information on Rodney Sparrow?
Fraud Alert Fraud Alert: Rodney Sparrow, Lance Young and Renewable Energy Group, LLC are Fraud´s.
If you need proof email: hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com
by needtoknow December 12, 2008 12:00 AM
I have a client who is in negotiations with Sparrow, but he cancelled and reschedule the meetings. My contact information, please send me all information on Rodney sparrow and Enable Energy.
Thank you,
Jean Pierre Fournier
jfournier@ariaslaw.co.cr
ariaslaw.com
Arias & Muñoz
Centro Empresarial Forum,
Ed. C, Oficina 1C1,
Santa Ana, San José,
Costa Rica, C.A. Tel: (506) 2503-9822
Pbx: (506) 2204-7575
Fax: (506) 2204-7580
PO Box: 12891-1000, San José
Guatemala - El Salvador - Honduras - Nicaragua - Costa Rica
by Jeanpi December 16, 2008 12:00 AM
Sparrow is a FRAUD. 100% arrogant FRAUD.
He represented he worked with a "fund". There is no fund.
He represented there was a Due Diligence Team - there is no team, just Lance Young reviewing deals to see if they can be placed somewhere else.
He was pumping out Letters of Interest (LOIs) towards the end of November, early December, and taking in Due Diligence fees from dozens of borrowers. His set fee was $10k, but if your borrower offered less, NO PROBLEM, he was flexible - he didn´t want to let a live one get away!
He fraudulently took advance fees from dozens of borrowers, money wired to his PERSONAL ACCOUNT in Hawaii, then on the day due diligence teams were due to depart, suddenly the "fund" lost it´s "funding", and Rodney now offers to be a broker.
The day after he pulled the scam notice, he scheduled (with the help of his partners in crime) conference calls with borrowers - an entire day (or more) of calls, one every 30 minutes.
Just like the Nigerian 409 Scammers Sparrow - the arrogant B@stard - offers the borrowers a glimmer of hope: "He has contacts that will find funding for the deal."
If you are working with Rodney, do yourself a favor and STOP.
If your broker brings you a deal with Rodney, save your money. He´s no better than the other advance fee scammers we all know about. Find another source, or actually FIND A REAL LEGITIMATE source. Rodney is not a real source, or legitimate.
Someone needs to set up a clearing house of scam victims.
Rodney is smart, he keeps the amounts he scams low - enough to steal a lot through volume, but not enough to have a lawyer file a lawsuit. By converting himself into a "broker" for the borrower, and giving them hope evidently Rodney hopes no one will go to the authorities.
I hope he´s wrong. I´ve never met Rodney, but I bet he´ll look real nice in a yellow jumpsuit.
by ClientAdvocate December 18, 2008 12:00 AM
I know of 15 groups who have been scammed by Rodney Sparrow.
email me: hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com
by needtoknow December 18, 2008 12:00 AM
WOW - 15 groups at $10K a pop - Rodney makes $150,000.00.
Not bad for a few days "work".
He´s no better than a Nigerian Scam Artists that send you email about found money.
Don´t believe him. Don´t give him money.
Better yet - Call the cops!!
by ClientAdvocate December 18, 2008 12:00 AM
by revealrodneytsparrow December 18, 2008 12:00 AM
Rodney T. Sparrow is nothing more than a 100% crook. I unfortunately sent money...shame on me for being desperate to get our project funded when the banks won´t loan. But nevertheless, he is a fraud. I can tell you the following.
1. He is a former marine (he has disgraced his country)
2. He was trained in computer technology and fraud.
3. He currently lives in Hawaii at the apartment listed above.
4. He has been doing this fraud since Feb. 2006.
5. He used to work for a cleaning company.
6. His last job was as a security guard for Safeway in Honolulu.
7. He has no real estate license.
8. He learned how to scam by sending off for a How To Book.
9. He is a 27 year old African American.
10. Steroid user, etc.
Do Not believe anything he says. He has successfully scammed anyone he comes in contact with.
by revealrodneytsparrow December 18, 2008 12:00 AM
Where did you get all that info.
hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com
by needtoknow December 19, 2008 12:00 AM
by revealrodneytsparrow December 20, 2008 12:00 AM
I was taken for alot of money by this SOB. I have a PI looking to find him as is a group of people he scammed too. He thinks he is going to get away with this but I´ve already contacted his bank Hawaii Federal Credit Union. They know about his wire transfers. We are closing in. The Hawaii FBI knows about him, the Hawaii DA. He´ll will try to move soon but we are on his tail like you cannot believe.Wait till he tries to board the plane. He will have quite a shock. The book he sent off for and is using as his how to book is Russ Dalby. Hey Rodney if you are reading this- I GOTCHA YOU MFSOB.
by revealrodneytsparrow December 20, 2008 12:00 AM
NEW SCAM ALERT!!!! RODNEY T SPARROW ON THE PROWL AGAIN!!!
In case anyone is still looking for Rodney T. Sparrow, he has a new fraudulent business. He is not using Renewable Energy Group any longer. He is now using CARTE BLANCE FINANCIAL GROUP. The website is Click Here
He doesn't have his name on the site but it is registered to him through his domain name as CARTEBLANCHEFINANCELP.COM. It is registered to Rodney T. Sparrow at his Hawaii address on King Street.
He has moved to Manhattan, New York. He is continuing to scam people. Pass this information to anyone who has been screwed by Rodney T. Sparrow.
by NO MORE SCAMS February 13, 2009 12:14 PM
I'm confused, what do you mean "I can get him out"?
by NO MORE SCAMS February 16, 2009 7:27 PM
What is there to know people... Rodney Sparrow is a FRAUD. Do not deal with him. He is a FRAUD. Don't give him any money and don't do business with him. You will only pay for his scamming ways to continue. STOP DEALING WITH RODNEY SPARROW HE IS A FRAUD.
Email hellofraudsparrow@yahoo.com for more information.
Rodney's email is hellorodneysparrow@yahoo.com
by needtoknow February 20, 2009 3:56 PM
Rodney... you can change your name to Private Equity investment Group but you can't change the way you scam people....
by needtoknow February 20, 2009 3:58 PM
A cockroach by any other name is still a COCKROACH.
Beware of RODNEY SPARROW - and beware of all the names he is using.
The LATEST web site he is using to prowl his advance fee scams is: Click Here
"Carte Blanche Finance LP" is ONE name he is using.
The web site appears to have a new name: "Private Equity Investment Group".
It is ALL A SCAM - it is ALL RODNEY SPARROW - or whatever he is calling himself. If you do business with him YOU WILL lose your TIME, and you will lose your "due diligence fees.
Rodney Sparrow - a FORMER MARINE - makes his living stealing your client's money. He is a disgrace to the uniform, and nothing more than a liar, and a thief.
Do not do business with Carte Blanche Finance LP or Carte Blanche Financial LP or Private Equity Investment Group.
by BeSmart February 20, 2009 4:53 PM
This is ridiculous, maybe if you so-called.... I mean "so-called" entreprenuer's.... would stop contacting "Finance Brokers", "Angel Investors" and "Private Equity Firms", you would probably get some place!
Did it occur to you, that if they were successful at what they do, they would not be charging upfront fees! All of you got burned because you may be some of the dumbest people on Earth, stop looking for a Venture Capital firm to invest in your venture! THEY DO NOT DO START-UPS!! A Start-up to a Venture Capital Firm is a company that has been operating for 1-3 years!
Get clue, Get a PPM or Private Placement done and contact companies like:
www.PrivateEquityCap.com (Good)
And work on getting private investors of your own. Stop thinking there is a firm out there that can "fund" you because you have a "Great ROI".
If you got burned, Good, odds are you would have pissed the money away anyway!
by TheEnlightenedFew September 30, 2009 4:13 PM
This post has been removed at the request of the author.
by smartmoney2009 December 2, 2009 1:58 AM
Smartmoney2009: As one of the "dumbest people on Earth," we were dupped by Rodney. Through our worthless brokers (one stating she was a retired police officer and did her due diligence on Rodney and that he checked out...maybe that explains why she retired) that introduced and backed up Capt. Jack Sparrow (I know, not funny...), we were taken for $5000. Sure, our fault as so many are quick to point out. It still doesn't justify the fraud and I'm not sitting back to just take it either. Email me and I'll pass along the FBI agents that we submitted all of our documents to in Dallas and Honolulu.
jim@letter10development.com
I know I won't see the $5k again...but, I would love to send him some soap-on-a-rope as a little house-warming present when he's prosecuted and incarcerated.
So far...I've learned in the last three years that anyone that demands upfront money is likely a scam artist. Tough lesson. Spend your money on a PPM, roll up your sleeves, cut your expenses to a fraction, give up everything you possibly can live with in equity, and get your project funded. Make a little money. Put a notch in your gunbelt, and NEVER deal with these shitheals again. Also, make sure that the sharks that take advantage of you on your first project are not allowed to continue on your rise up. Let them continue to feed on the first-timers and newbies. Hang in there...
by morphosis2000 December 3, 2009 3:47 PM
*********FLASH-SPARROW TRIES TO CLEAN UP HIS NAME*********
Sparrow recently hired REPUTATION DEFENDER to try and clean up his name. They have actively scoured the net looking for all the negative information about him. For a fee they will try and remove the information.
Imagine - all the money he stole will now go to his efforts to clear his name.
Ironic.
by Rodney_Strikes_Again October 2, 2010 2:30 PM
It's worse than you think. Rodney Sparrow has hired REPUTATION DEFENDER and they are POLLUTING the internet with references to RODNEY SPARROW and his "RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP" or "REG" in order to screw up when anyone looks for him on Google.
If you click on some of the links generated by a search for RODNEY SPARROW, RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP, or REG you get all sorts of hits - and they are all FAKE web sites registered with Rodney Sparrow's name - so, sooner or later the POLLUTED SITES work their way up to the top of the GOOGLE HIT LIST, and suddenly all the TRUTH about RODNEY SPARROW - advanced fee scammer, and his fake RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP is gone. They have even released a PRESS RELEASE saying that they have placed all sorts of loans - and it is all 100% fake.
by AvoidAScam October 2, 2010 2:45 PM
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Napoleon I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Napoleon" redirects here. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation).
Napoleon I
The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David, 1812
Emperor of the French
Reign 18 May 1804 – 11 April 1814
(9 years, 328 days)
20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815 (94 days)
Coronation 2 December 1804
Predecessor French Consulate
Himself as First Consul of the French First Republic.
Previous ruling monarch was Louis XVI as King of the French (1791–1792)
Successor Louis XVIII (de jure in 1814; as legitimate monarch in 1815)
Napoleon II (according to his father's will of 1815)
King of Italy
Reign 17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814
Coronation 26 May 1805
Predecessor Himself as President of the Italian Republic
Previous ruling monarch was Emperor Charles V, crowned in Bologna in 1530
Successor Kingdom disbanded
Next monarch crowned in Milan was Emperor Ferdinand I, next king of Italy was Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
Spouse Joséphine de Beauharnais
Marie Louise of Austria
Issue
Napoleon II
Full name
Napoleon Bonaparte
House House of Bonaparte
Father Carlo Buonaparte
Mother Letizia Ramolino
Born 15 August 1769
Ajaccio, Corsica
Died 5 May 1821 (aged 51)
Longwood, Saint Helena, British Empire
Burial Les Invalides, Paris
Religion Roman Catholicism (but see Napoleon and religions)
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt], Italian: Napoleone Bonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
Napoleon was born in Corsica, France to parents of minor noble Italian ancestry and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. Bonaparte rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power. After a streak of victories, France secured a dominant position in continental Europe, and Napoleon maintained the French sphere of influence through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other European countries as French client states.
The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. His Grande Armée was badly damaged in the campaign and never fully recovered. In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig; the following year the Coalition invaded France, forced Napoleon to abdicate and exiled him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life in confinement by the British on the island of Saint Helena. An autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer, though Sten Forshufvud and other scientists have since conjectured he was poisoned with arsenic.
Napoleon's campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world. While considered a tyrant by his opponents, he is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic code, which laid the administrative and judicial foundations for much of Western Europe.
Contents [hide]
1 Origins and education
2 Early career
2.1 Siege of Toulon
2.2 13 Vendémiaire
2.3 First Italian campaign
2.4 Egyptian expedition
3 Ruler of France
3.1 French Consulate
3.1.1 Temporary peace in Europe
3.1.2 Reforms
3.2 French Empire
3.2.1 War of the Third Coalition
3.2.2 Middle-Eastern alliances
3.2.3 War of the Fourth Coalition
3.2.4 Peninsular War
3.2.5 War of the Fifth Coalition and remarriage
3.2.6 Invasion of Russia
3.2.7 War of the Sixth Coalition
3.2.8 Hundred Days
4 Exile on Saint Helena
4.1 Death
4.1.1 Cause of death
5 Marriages and children
6 Image
7 Legacy
7.1 Warfare
7.2 Metric system
7.3 Napoleonic Code
7.4 Napoleon and religions
7.4.1 Concordat
7.4.2 Jewish emancipation
7.5 Bonapartism
7.6 Criticism
8 Titles, styles, honours and arms
8.1 Titles and styles
8.2 Full titles
8.3 1804–1805
8.4 1805–1806
8.5 1806–1809
8.6 1809–1814
8.7 1815
9 Ancestry
10 Titles
11 Notes
12 Citations
13 References
14 External links
Origins and education
Napoleon Bonaparte was born the second of eight children, in Casa Buonaparte in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on 15 August 1769, one year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa.[1] He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably acquiring his first name from an uncle, and called by this name until his twenties when he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[2][note 1]
Napoleon's father Carlo Buonaparte was Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI of France
The Corsican Buonapartes originated from minor Italian nobility, who had come to Corsica from Liguria in the 16th century.[3] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte, an attorney, was named Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Letizia Ramolino, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child.[4] He had an elder brother, Joseph; and younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic just before his second birthday, on 21 July 1771 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[5]
Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background and family connections afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.[6] In January 1779, Napoleon was enrolled at a religious school in Autun, mainland France, to learn French, and in May he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château.[7] He spoke with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell properly.[8] Napoleon was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading.[9][note 2] An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography...This boy would make an excellent sailor."[11][note 3] On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the elite École Militaire in Paris; this ended his naval ambition, which had led him to consider an application to the British Royal Navy.[13] Instead, he trained to become an artillery officer and when his father's death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year.[14] He was the first Corsican to graduate from the Ecole Militaire[14] and was examined by the famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace, whom Napoleon later appointed to the Senate.[15]
Early career
Nationalist Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli. 1798 portrait by Richard Cosway.
Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[7][note 4] He served on garrison duty in Valence, Drôme and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, though he took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. A fervent Corsican nationalist, Bonaparte wrote to the Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789: "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."[17]
He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle between royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He supported the revolutionary Jacobin faction, gained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and command over a battalion of volunteers. After he had exceeded his leave of absence and led a riot against a French army in Corsica, he was somehow able to convince military authorities in Paris to promote him to captain in July 1792.[18] He returned to Corsica once again and came into conflict with Paoli, who had decided to split with France and sabotage a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena, where Bonaparte was one of the expedition leaders.[19] Bonaparte and his family had to flee to the French mainland in June 1793 because of the split with Paoli.[20]
Siege of Toulon
Main article: Siege of Toulon
In July 1793, he published a pro-republican pamphlet, Le Souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), which gained him the admiration and support of Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces at the siege of Toulon. The city had risen against the republican government and was occupied by British troops.[21] He adopted a plan to capture a hill that would allow republican guns to dominate the city's harbour and force the British ships to evacuate. The assault on the position, during which Bonaparte was wounded in the thigh, led to the capture of the city and his promotion to Brigadier General at the age of 24. His actions brought him to the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, and he was put in charge of the artillery of France's Army of Italy.[22] Whilst waiting for confirmation of this post, Napoleon spent time as inspector of coastal fortifications on the Mediterranean coast near Marseille. He devised plans for attacking Piedmont as part of France's campaign against the First coalition and was then sent on a mission, by Augustin, to the Republic of Genoa, to understand that country's intentions towards France.[23]
13 Vendémiaire
Main article: 13 Vendémiaire
Journée du 13 Vendémiaire. Artillery fire in front of the Église Saint-Roch, Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris
Following the fall of the Robespierres in the July 1794 Thermidorian Reaction, Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the brothers.[note 5] He was released within two weeks and due to his technical skills was asked to draw-up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France's war with Austria. He also took part in an expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the Royal Navy.[25]
Bonaparate became engaged to Désirée Clary, whose sister, Julie Clary, married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph; the Clarys were a wealthy merchant family from Marseilles.[26] In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general - for which the army already had a full quota - and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.[27] He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought, unsuccessfully, to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan.[28] During this period he wrote a romantic novella, Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée.[29] On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He now faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.[30]
On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention after they were excluded from a new government, the Directory.[31] One of the leaders of the Thermidorian Reaction, Paul Barras, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and gave him command of the improvised forces in defence of the Convention in the Tuileries Palace. Bonaparte had witnessed the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realised artillery would be the key to its defence.[7] He ordered a young cavalry officer, Joachim Murat, to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on 5 October 1795—13 Vendémiaire An IV in the French Republican Calendar. One thousand four hundred royalists died, and the rest fled.[31] He had cleared the streets with "a whiff of grapeshot", according to the 19th century historian Thomas Carlyle in The French Revolution: A History.[32]
The defeat of the Royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new Directory; Murat would become his brother-in-law and one of his generals. Bonaparte was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy.[20] Within weeks he was romantically attached to Barras's former mistress, Joséphine de Beauharnais, whom he married on 9 March 1796 after he had broken off his engagement to Désirée Clary.[33]
First Italian campaign
Main article: Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy and led it on a successful invasion of Italy. At the Battle of Lodi he defeated Austrian forces and drove them out of Lombardy.[20] He was defeated at Caldiero by Austrian reinforcements, led by József Alvinczi, though Bonaparte regained the initiative at the crucial Battle of the Bridge of Arcole and proceeded to subdue the Papal States.[34] Bonaparte argued against the wishes of Directory atheists to march on Rome and dethrone the Pope as he reasoned this would create a power vacuum which would be exploited by the Kingdom of Naples. Instead, in March 1797, Bonaparte led his army into Austria and forced it to negotiate peace.[35] The Treaty of Leoben gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence; he also authorised the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.[36]
Bonaparte at the pont d'Arcole, by Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, (ca. 1801), Musée du Louvre, Paris
His application of conventional military ideas to real-world situations effected his military triumphs, such as creative use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry. He referred to his tactics thus: "I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last."[37] He was adept at espionage and deception and could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other.[38] In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons and 170 standards.[39] The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.[40]
During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics; he founded two newspapers both for the troops in his army and also for circulation in France.[41] The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned he might become a dictator.[42] Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero.[43] He met with Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who would later serve in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of England.[20]
Egyptian expedition
Main article: French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, (ca. 1868) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hearst Castle
After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided France's naval power was not yet strong enough to confront the Royal Navy in the English Channel and proposed a military expedition to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain's access to its trade interests in India.[20] Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with a Muslim enemy of the British in India, Tipu Sultan.[44] Napoleon assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."[45] According to a February 1798 report by Talleyrand: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."[45] The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to India.[46]
In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists: mathematicians, naturalists, chemists and geodesists among them; their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone, and their work was published in the Description de l'Égypte in 1809.[47]
En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached Malta on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the Knights Hospitaller. The two hundred Knights of French origin did not support the Grand Master, Prussian Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, who had succeeded a Frenchman and made it clear they would not fight against their compatriots. Hompesch surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured a very important naval base with the loss of only three men.[48]
Battle of the Pyramids, François-Louis-Joseph Watteau, 1798–1799
General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and on 1 July landed at Alexandria.[20] He fought the Battle of Chobrakit against the Mamluks, an old power in the Middle East and this helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids fought on 21 July, about 24 km from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' cavalry, but he formed hollow squares with supplies kept safely inside. 29 French[49] and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed; the victory boosted the morale of the French army.[50]
On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, and Bonaparte's goal of a strengthened French position in the Mediterranean was frustrated.[51] His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings.[52] In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza and Jaffa, and Haifa.[53] The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal: Bonaparte, on discovering many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets.[51] Men, women and children were robbed and murdered for three days.[54]
With his army weakened by disease—mostly bubonic plague—and poor supplies, Bonaparte was unable to reduce the fortress of Acre and returned to Egypt in May.[51] To speed up the retreat, he ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned.[55] (However, British eyewitness accounts later showed that most of the men were still alive and had not been poisoned.) His supporters have argued this was necessary given the continued harassment of stragglers by Ottoman forces, and indeed those left behind alive were tortured and beheaded by the Ottomans. Back in Egypt, on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.[56]
Ruler of France
Main articles: 18 Brumaire and the Napoleonic era
"EXIT LIBERTÈ a la FRANCOIS ! or BUONAPARTE closing the Farce of Egalitè, at St. Cloud near Paris Nov. 10th. 1799", British satirical depiction of the 18 Brumaire coup d'état, by James Gillray.
While in Egypt, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs through irregular delivery of newspapers and dispatches. He learned France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition.[57] On 24 August 1799, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact he had received no explicit orders from Paris.[51] The army was left in the charge of Jean Baptiste Kléber.[58] Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return to ward off possible invasions of French soil, but poor lines of communication meant the messages had failed to reach him.[57] By the time he reached Paris in October France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population.[59] The Directory discussed Bonaparte's "desertion" but was too weak to punish him.[57]
Bonaparte was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, for his support in a coup to overthrow the constitutional government. The leaders of the plot included his brother Lucien; the speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos; another Director, Joseph Fouché; and Talleyrand. On 9 November—18 Brumaire by the French Republican Calendar—Bonaparte was charged with the safety of the legislative councils, who were persuaded to remove to the Château de Saint-Cloud, to the west of Paris, after a rumour of a Jacobin rebellion was spread by the plotters.[60] By the following day, the deputies had realised they faced an attempted coup. Faced with their remonstrations, Bonaparte led troops to seize control and disperse them, which left a rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government.[51]
French Consulate
Main articles: French Consulate and War of the Second Coalition
Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1800)
Though Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmanoeuvred by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, and he took up residence at the Tuileries.[61] This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France.[51]
In 1800, Bonaparte and his troops crossed the Alps into Italy, where French forces had been almost completely driven out by the Austrians whilst he was in Egypt.[note 6] The campaign began badly for the French after Bonaparte made strategic errors; one force was left besieged at Genoa but managed to hold out and thereby occupy Austrian resources.[63] This effort, and French general Louis Desaix's timely reinforcements, allowed Bonaparte narrowly to avoid defeat and to triumph over the Austrians in June at the significant Battle of Marengo. Bonaparte's brother Joseph led the peace negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not recognise France's newly gained territory. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau led France to victory at Hohenlinden. As a result, the Treaty of Lunéville was signed in February 1801; the French gains of the Treaty of Campo Formio were reaffirmed and increased.[64]
Temporary peace in Europe
See also: Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom and Haitian Revolution
Bonaparte set up a camp at Boulogne-sur-Mer to prepare for an invasion of Britain, but both countries had become tired of war and signed the Treaty of Amiens in October 1801 and March 1802; this included the withdrawal of British troops from most colonial territories it had recently occupied.[63] The peace was uneasy and short-lived; Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederation, though neither of these territories were covered by the treaty.[65] The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803, and he reassembled the invasion camp at Boulogne.[51]
Bonaparte faced a major setback and eventual defeat in the Haitian Revolution. By the Law of 20 May 1802 Bonaparte re-established slavery in France's colonial possessions, where it had been banned following the Revolution.[66] Following a slave revolt, he sent an army to reconquer Saint-Domingue and establish a base. The force was, however, destroyed by yellow fever and fierce resistance led by Haitian generals Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.[note 7] Faced by imminent war against Britain and bankruptcy, he recognised French possessions on the mainland of North America would be indefensible and sold them to the United States—the Louisiana Purchase—for less than three cents per acre ($7.40 per km²).[68]
Reforms
Napoleon in his King of Italy gown, 1805. Painting by Andrea Appiani
Bonaparte instituted lasting reforms, including centralised administration of the departments, higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France (central bank). He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. Later that year, Bonaparte became President of the French Academy of Sciences and appointed Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre its Permanent Secretary.[47] In May 1802, he instituted the Legion of Honour, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France.[69] His powers were increased by the Constitution of the Year X including: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life.[70] After this he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.[16]
Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.[71] See Legacy.
French Empire
Main article: First French Empire
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1806
See also: Coronation of Napoleon I and Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon faced royalist and Jacobin plots as France's ruler, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the infernal machine) two months later.[72] In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him which involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, in violation of neighbouring Baden's sovereignty. After a secret trial the Duke was executed, even though he had not been involved in the plot.[73]
Napoleon used the plot to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy in France, with himself as emperor, as a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if the Bonapartist succession was entrenched in the constitution.[74] Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris and then crowned Joséphine Empress. The story that he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony to avoid his subjugation to the authority of the pontiff is apocryphal; the coronation procedure had been agreed in advance.[note 8] At Milan Cathedral on 26 May 1805, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals, to secure the allegiance of the army. Ludwig van Beethoven, a long-time admirer, was disappointed at this turn towards imperialism and scratched his dedication to Napoleon from his 3rd Symphony.[74]
War of the Third Coalition
Main article: War of the Third Coalition
By 1805, Britain had convinced Austria and Russia to join a Third Coalition against France. Napoleon knew the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle and planned to lure it away from the English Channel. The French Navy would escape from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threaten to attack the West Indies, thus drawing off the British defence of the Western Approaches, in the hope a Franco-Spanish fleet could take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross from Boulogne and invade England.[75] However, after defeat at the naval Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805 and Admiral Villeneuve's retreat to Cadiz, invasion was never again a realistic option for Napoleon.[76]
Instead, he ordered the army stationed at Boulogne, his Grande Armée, to march to Germany secretly in a turning movement—the Ulm Campaign. This encircled the Austrian forces about to attack France and severed their lines of communication. On 20 October 1805, the French captured 30,000 prisoners at Ulm, though the next day Britain's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar meant the Royal Navy gained control of the seas. Six weeks later, on the first anniversary of his coronation, Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at Austerlitz. This ended the Third Coalition, and he commissioned the Arc de Triomphe to commemorate the victory. Austria had to concede territory; the Peace of Pressburg led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and creation of the Confederation of the Rhine with Napoleon named as its Protector.[77]
Napoleon would go on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought."[78] Frank McLynn suggests Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one".[79] Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, that "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".[80]
Middle-Eastern alliances
Main articles: Franco-Ottoman alliance and Franco-Persian alliance
The Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammed Reza-Qazvini meets with Napoleon I at Finckenstein Palace, 27 April 1807, by François Mulard
Even after the failed campaign in Egypt, Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East.[44] An alliance with Middle-Eastern powers would have the strategic advantage of pressuring Russia on its southern border. From 1803, Napoleon went to considerable lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition.[81] Napoleon sent General Horace Sebastiani as envoy extraordinary, promising to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories.[81] In February 1806, following Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz and the ensuing dismemberment of the Habsburg Empire, the Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognised Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France "our sincere and natural ally", and war with Russia and England.[82] A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed, from 1807 to 1809, between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar, against Russia and Great Britain. The alliance ended when France allied with Russia and turned its focus to European campaigns.[44]
War of the Fourth Coalition
Main article: War of the Fourth Coalition
Napoleon reviews his troops shortly before the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October 1806), as painted by Horace Vernet
The Fourth Coalition was assembled in 1806, and Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October.[83] He marched against advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate of the Battle of Eylau on 6 February 1807.[84]
After a decisive victory at Friedland, he signed the Treaties of Tilsit; one with Tsar Alexander I of Russia which divided the continent between the two powers; the other with Prussia which stripped that country of half its territory. Napoleon placed puppet rulers on the thrones of German states, including his brother Jérôme as king of the new Kingdom of Westphalia. In the French-controlled part of Poland, he established the Duchy of Warsaw with King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony as ruler.[85]
With his Milan and Berlin Decrees, Napoleon attempted to enforce a Europe-wide commercial boycott of Britain called the Continental System. This act of economic warfare did not succeed, as it encouraged British merchants to smuggle into continental Europe, and Napoleon's exclusively land-based customs enforcers could not stop them.[86]
Peninsular War
Main article: Peninsular War
Portugal did not comply with the Continental System, so in 1807 Napoleon invaded with the support of Spain. Under the pretext of a reinforcement of the Franco-Spanish army occupying Portugal, Napoleon invaded Spain as well, replaced Charles IV with his brother Joseph and placed his brother-in-law Joachim Murat in Joseph's stead at Naples. This led to resistance from the Spanish army and civilians in the Dos de Mayo Uprising.[87] Following a French retreat from much of the country, Napoleon took command and defeated the Spanish Army. He retook Madrid, then outmanoeuvred a British army sent to support the Spanish and drove it to the coast.[88] Before the Spanish population had been fully subdued, Austria again threatened war, and Napoleon returned to France.[89]
The Duke of Wellington in 1814 by Thomas Lawrence
The costly and often brutal Peninsular War continued in Napoleon's absence; in the second Siege of Saragossa most of the city was destroyed and over 50,000 people perished.[90] Although Napoleon left 300,000 of his finest troops to battle Spanish guerrillas as well as British and Portuguese forces commanded by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, French control over the peninsula again deteriorated.[91] Following several allied victories, the war concluded after Napoleon's abdication in 1814.[92] Napoleon later described the Peninsular War as central to his final defeat, writing in his memoirs "That unfortunate war destroyed me... All... my disasters are bound up in that fatal knot."[93]
War of the Fifth Coalition and remarriage
Main article: War of the Fifth Coalition
In April 1809, Austria abruptly broke its alliance with France, and Napoleon was forced to assume command of forces on the Danube and German fronts. After early successes, the French faced difficulties in crossing the Danube and suffered a defeat in May at the Battle of Aspern-Essling near Vienna. The Austrians failed to capitalise on the situation and allowed Napoleon's forces to regroup. He defeated the Austrians again at Wagram, and the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between Austria and France.[94]
Britain was the other member of the coalition. In addition to the Iberian Peninsula, the British planned to open another front in mainland Europe. However, Napoleon was able to rush reinforcements to Antwerp, owing to Britain's inadequately organised Walcheren Campaign.[95] He concurrently annexed the Papal States because of the Church's refusal to support the Continental System; Pope Pius VII responded by excommunicating the emperor. The pope was then abducted by Napoleon's officers, and though Napoleon had not ordered his abduction, he did not order Pius' release. The pope was moved throughout Napoleon's territories, sometimes while ill, and Napoleon sent delegations to pressure him on issues including agreement to a new concordat with France, which Pius refused. In 1810 Napoleon married the Austrian Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, following his divorce of Joséphine; this further strained his relations with the Church, and thirteen cardinals were imprisoned for non-attendance at the marriage ceremony.[96] The pope remained confined for 5 years and did not return to Rome until May 1814.[97]
First French Empire at its greatest extent in 1811
French Empire
French satellite states
Allied states
Napoleon consented to the ascent to the Swedish throne of Bernadotte, one of his marshals and a long-term rival of Napoleon's, in November 1810. Napoleon had indulged Bernadotte's indiscretions because he was married to Désirée Clary but came to regret sparing his life when Bernadotte later allied Sweden with France's enemies.[98]
Invasion of Russia
Main article: French invasion of Russia
Gold 20 Franc Coin of Napoleon I, struck 1808
Known as Napoleon Gold, the French began to simply call these coins, "Napoleons." Obverse: (French) NAPOLEON EMPERERUR, or in English, "Napoleon, Emperor"" Reverse: (French) REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE, 1808, 20 FRANCS, or in English, "French Republic, 1808, 20 Francs."
The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance, and the leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807.[99] By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. An early sign the relationship had deteriorated was the Russian's virtual abandonment of the Continental System, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.[100] By 1812, advisers to Alexander suggested the possibility of an invasion of the French Empire and the recapture of Poland. On receipt of intelligence reports on Russia's war preparations, Napoleon expanded his Grande Armée to more than 450,000 men.[101] He ignored repeated advice against an invasion of the Russian heartland and prepared for an offensive campaign; on 23 June 1812 the invasion commenced.[102]
In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War—the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat.[103]
Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, a painting by Adolph Northen.
The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.[104]
Charles Joseph Minard's graph shows the decreasing size of the Grande Armée as it marched to Moscow and back
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time.[105] Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible."[106]
The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After a month, concerned about loss of control back in France, Napoleon and his army left.[107]
The French suffered greatly in the course of a ruinous retreat, including from the harshness of the Russian Winter. The Armée had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops, but in the end fewer than 40,000 crossed the Berezina River in November 1812.[108] The Russians had lost 150,000 in battle and hundreds of thousands of civilians.[109]
War of the Sixth Coalition
Main article: War of the Sixth Coalition
British etching from 1814 in celebration of Napoleon's first exile to Elba at the close of the War of the Sixth Coalition
There was a lull in fighting over the winter of 1812–13 while both the Russians and the French rebuilt their forces; Napoleon was then able to field 350,000 troops.[110] Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. Napoleon assumed command in Germany and inflicted a series of defeats on the Coalition culminating in the Battle of Dresden in August 1813.[111] Despite these successes, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon, and the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total.[112]
Napoleon withdrew back into France, his army reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as many Allied troops.[113] The French were surrounded: British armies pressed from the south, and other Coalition forces positioned to attack from the German states. Napoleon won a series of victories in the Six Days Campaign, though these were not significant enough to turn the tide; Paris was captured by the Coalition in March 1814.[114]
When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his marshals decided to mutiny.[115] On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate. He did so in favour of his son; however, the Allies refused to accept this, and Napoleon was forced to abdicate unconditionally on 11 April.
Napoleon's Villa Mulini on Elba
The Allied Powers having declared that Emperor Napoleon was the sole obstacle to the restoration of peace in Europe, Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he renounces, for himself and his heirs, the thrones of France and Italy, and that there is no personal sacrifice, even that of his life, which he is not ready to do in the interests of France.
Done in the palace of Fontainebleau, 11 April 1814.
—Act of abdication of Napoleon[116]
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the victors exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain his title of emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried since a near-capture by Russians on the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria.[117] In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.[118]
Hundred Days
Main article: Hundred Days
Separated from his wife and son, who had come under Austrian control, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba on 26 February 1815. He landed at Golfe-Juan on the French mainland, two days later.[119] The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on 7 March 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish."[120] The soldiers responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" and marched with Napoleon to Paris; Louis XVIII fled. On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw, and four days later Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to each put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.[121]
Battle of Waterloo, painted by William Sadler (1782–1839)
Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days. By the start of June the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. The French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium.[122]
Napoleon's forces fought the allies, led by Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank. Napoleon was defeated because he had to fight two armies with one, attacking an army in an excellent defensive position through wet and muddy terrain. His health that day may have affected his presence and vigour on the field, added to the fact that his subordinates may have let him down. Despite this, Napoleon came very close to clinching victory. Outnumbered, the French army left the battlefield in disorder, which allowed Coalition forces to enter France and restore Louis XVIII to the French throne.
Off the port of Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, after consideration of an escape to the United States, Napoleon formally demanded political asylum from the British Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815.[123]
Exile on Saint Helena
Napoleon on Saint Helena
Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, 2,000 km from any major landmass. In his first two months there, he lived in a pavilion on the Briars estate, which belonged to a William Balcombe. Napoleon became friendly with his family, especially his younger daughter Lucia Elizabeth who later wrote Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon.[124] This friendship ended in 1818 when British authorities became suspicious that Balcombe had acted as an intermediary between Napoleon and Paris and dismissed him from the island.[125]
Scene in Plymouth Sound in August 1815, by John James Chalon. Pictured is HMS Bellerophon with Napoleon aboard, shortly before his transferral to HMS Northumberland for delivery to Saint Helena
Longwood House, Saint Helena: site of Napoleon's captivity
Napoleon moved to Longwood House in December 1815; it had fallen into disrepair, and the location was damp, windswept and unhealthy. The Times published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death, and he often complained of the living conditions in letters to the governor and his custodian, Hudson Lowe.[126] With a small cadre of followers, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and criticised his captors—particularly Lowe. Lowe's treatment of Napoleon is regarded as poor by historians such as Frank McLynn.[127] Lowe exacerbated a difficult situation through measures including a reduction in Napoleon's expenditure, a rule that no gifts could be delivered to him if they mentioned his imperial status, and a document his supporters had to sign that guaranteed they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely.[127]
In 1818, The Times reported a false rumour of Napoleon's escape and said the news had been greeted by spontaneous illuminations in London.[note 9] There was sympathy for him in the British Parliament: Lord Holland gave a speech which demanded the prisoner be treated with no unnecessary harshness.[129] Napoleon kept himself informed of the events through The Times and hoped for release in the event that Holland became prime minister. He also enjoyed the support of Lord Cochrane, who was involved in Chile's and Brazil's struggle for independence and wanted to rescue Napoleon and help him set up a new empire in South America, a scheme frustrated by Napoleon's death in 1821.[130] There were other plots to rescue Napoleon from captivity including one from Texas, where exiled soldiers from the Grande Armée wanted a resurrection of the Napoleonic Empire in America. There was even a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine.[131] For Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely and flawed genius. The news that Napoleon had taken up gardening at Longwood also appealed to more domestic British sensibilities.[132]
Death
Further information: Napoleon's Death Mask and Retour des cendres
In February 1821, his health began to fail rapidly, and on 3 May two British physicians who had recently arrived attended him and could only recommend palliatives.[133] He died two days later, after confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali.[133] His last words were, "France, armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine."("France, army, head of the army, Joséphine.")[133] Napoleon's original death mask was created around 6 May, though it is not clear which doctor created it.[134][note 10] In his will, he had asked to be buried on the banks of the Seine, but the British governor said he should be buried on St. Helena, in the Valley of the Willows. Hudson Lowe insisted the inscription should read 'Napoleon Bonaparte'; Montholon and Bertrand wanted the Imperial title 'Napoleon' as royalty were signed by their first names only. As a result the tomb was left nameless.[133]
Napoleon's tomb at Les Invalides
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. The remains were transported aboard the frigate Belle-Poule, which had been painted black for the occasion, and on 29 November she arrived in Cherbourg. The remains were transferred to the steamship Normandie, which transported them to Le Havre, up the Seine to Rouen and on to Paris. On 15 December, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it stayed until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.[136]
Cause of death
Napoleon's physician, François Carlo Antommarchi, led the autopsy which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer, though he did not sign the official report.[137] Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer though this was seemingly unknown at the time of the autopsy.[138] Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer, and it was the most convenient explanation for the British who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of the emperor.[133]
Napoléon sur son lit de mort [Napoleon on his death bed], by Horace Vernet, 1826
In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, appeared in print. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning, in a 1961 paper in Nature.[139] Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted the emperor's body was found to be remarkably well-preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking high levels of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring. They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expellation of these compounds and that the thirst was a symptom of poisoning. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left behind extensive tissue damage.[139] A 2007 article stated the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral type, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion his death was murder.[140]
The wallpaper used in Longwood contained a high level of arsenic compound used for colouring by British manufacturers. The adhesive, which in the cooler British environment was innocuous, may have grown mould in the more humid climate and emitted the poisonous gas arsine. This theory has been ruled out as it does not explain the arsenic absorption patterns found in other analyses.[139]
There have been modern studies which have supported the original autopsy finding.[140] Researchers, in a 2008 study, analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, and from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 11] 2007 and 2008 studies dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.[142]
Marriages and children
Napoleon's first wife, Joséphine, Empress of the French, painted by François Gérard, 1801
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was twenty-six; she was a thirty-two-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as 'Rose', a name which he disliked. He called her 'Joséphine' instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns.[143] He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.[144]
Joséphine had lovers, including a Hussar lieutenant, Hippolyte Charles, during Napoleon's Italian campaign.[145] Napoleon learnt the full extent of her affair with Charles while in Egypt, and a letter he wrote to his brother Joseph regarding the subject was intercepted by the British. The letter appeared in the London and Paris presses, much to Napoleon's embarrassment. Napoleon had his own affairs too: during the Egyptian campaign he took Pauline Bellisle Foures, the wife of a junior officer, as his mistress. She became known as Cleopatra after the Ancient Egyptian ruler.[146][note 12]
While Napoleon's mistresses had children by him, Joséphine did not produce an heir, possibly because of either the stresses of her imprisonment during the Reign of Terror or an abortion she may have had in her twenties.[148] Napoleon ultimately chose divorce so he could remarry in search of an heir. In March 1810, he married Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, and a great niece of Marie Antoinette by proxy; thus he had married into a German royal and imperial family. They remained married until his death, though she did not join him in exile on Elba and thereafter never saw her husband again. The couple had one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (1811–1832), known from birth as the King of Rome. He became Napoleon II in 1814 and reigned for only two weeks. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculosis aged 21, with no children.[149]
Empress Marie-Louise and the King of Rome, by Joseph Franque, 1812. Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma with Napoleon II
Napoleon acknowledged two illegitimate children: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de la Plaigne,[150] and Count Alexandre Joseph Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868) by Countess Marie Walewska.[150] He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Karl Eugin von Mühlfeld by Victoria Kraus;[94] Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1910) by Albine de Montholon; and Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, whose mother remains unknown.[151]
Image
Further information: Cultural depictions of Napoleon and Napoleonic propaganda
In The Plumb-pudding in danger (1805), James Gillray caricatured a diminutive Napoleon
Napoleon has become a worldwide cultural icon who symbolises military genius and political power. Since his death, many towns, streets, ships, and even cartoon characters have been named after him. He has been portrayed in hundreds of films and discussed in hundreds of thousands of books and articles.[152]
During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the 'bogeyman'.[153] The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 and 2.54 cm respectively; he was about 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) tall, average height for the period.[note 13][155]
In 1908 psychologist Alfred Adler cited Napoleon to describe an inferiority complex in which short people adopt an over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term Napoleon complex.[156] The stock character of Napoleon is a comically short "petty tyrant" and this has become a cliché in popular culture. He is often portrayed wearing a large bicorne hat with a hand-in-waistcoat gesture—a reference to the 1812 painting by Jacques-Louis David.[157]
Legacy
Warfare
Further information: Napoleonic weaponry and warfare and Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
Statue in Cherbourg-Octeville unveiled by Napoleon III in 1858. Napoleon I strengthened the town's defences to prevent British naval incursions.
In the field of military organisation, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed much of what was already in place. He continued the policy, which emerged from the Revolution, of promotion based primarily on merit.[158] Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, mobile artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare.[158] Though he consolidated the practice of modern conscription introduced by the Directory, one of the restored monarchy's first acts was to end it.[159]
Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th century operational mobility underwent significant change.[160] Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare. Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist Carl von Clausewitz as a genius in the operational art of war, and historians rank him as a great military commander.[161] Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered: "In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon."[162]
Napoleon suffered various military setbacks however: Aspern-Essling in 1809, Russia in 1812 and at Leipzig in 1813. He also had to abandon his forces in Egypt — the result of strategic defeat rather than any reverse in pitched battle. With the exception of two small scale battles in Italy, Napoleon was not defeated in a field battle without being heavily outnumbered. However, Napoleon can be said to have had a vice: his success contained the seeds of its own failure, because Napoleon would keep conquering until rendered unable to do so by defeat.
Under Napoleon, a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmanoeuvring, of enemy armies emerged. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. The political impact of war increased significantly; defeat for a European power meant more than the loss of isolated enclaves. Near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts, intensifying the Revolutionary phenomenon of total war.[163]
Metric system
Main article: Metric system
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society, and Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard across not only France but the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812, as he passed legislation to return France to its traditional units of measurement, but these were decimalised and the foundations were laid for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.[164]
Napoleonic Code
Main article: Napoleonic code
First page of the 1804 original edition of the Code Civil
The Napoleonic code was adopted throughout much of Europe, though only in the lands he conquered, and remained in force after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon said: "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code."[165] The Code still has importance today in a quarter of the world's jurisdictions including in Europe, the Americas and Africa.
by khalnayakster February 9, 2011 3:02 PM
Tom Alter
Born 1950
Mussoorie, India
Years active 1976 - present
Tom Alter (born 1950) is an Indian actor of American origin. As a thespian and television actor, he is most prominently known for his work in Hindi language Indian cinema.[1][2]
In 2008, he was awarded Padma Shri by the Indian government.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 External links
4 References
[edit]Early life and education
A native of Mussoorie of Uttarakhand state in India,[5] Tom Alter is the son of American Christian missionaries and has lived for years between the metropolis of Mumbai and the Himalayan hill station of Landour. His father was born in Sialkot. His elder sister Martha is a PhD in Sanskrit and brother John, a poet and a teacher.[1]
As a child, he studied Hindi and Urdu and, as a result, has occasionally been referred to as the "Blue-eyed saheb with the impeccable Hindi."
He studied at Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) Pune, 1972 batch.His major inspiration to come in film line was Rajesh Khanna. He confessed in an interview “I still dream of being Rajesh Khanna. For me, in the early 1970s, he was the only hero — romantic to the core, not larger than life, so Indian and real — he was my hero; the reason I came into films and he still is.[6]
[edit]Career
Tom taught at St. thomas school in Jagadhri (Haryana) for $50 a month before taking the film route.he worked as a sports teacher at the school. He loved his job and the small town Jagadhri. In his own words, “There was something very warm about Jagadhri. I remained a teacher there until the day I watched Rajesh Khanna romance Sharmila in Aaradhna. That was the beginning of my addiction to cinema.”[7]
Alter is fluent in Hindi and knowledgeable of Indian culture. He has worked for noted filmmakers like Satyajit Ray in Shatranj Ke Khiladi (The Chess Players) and is remembered for his role as a British officer in Kranti. In Sardar, the 1993 film biography of Indian leader Sardar Patel, which focused on the events surrounding the partition and independence of India, Tom Alter portrayed Lord Mountbatten of Burma. He has also played Indian characters in Indian television series, such as the long-running Junoon (TV series), in which he was the sadistic mob lord Keshav Kalsi. He also acted in Hollywood movie One Night with the King with Peter O'Toole.
Alter has written such books as The Longest Race, Rerun at Rialto, The Best in the world, and is also a sports journalist with a special interest in cricket, a game on which he has written extensively in publications such as Sportsweek, Outlook, Cricket talk, Sunday Observer and Debonair. He plays cricket for a film industry team MCC (Match Cut Club), which includes Naseeruddin Shah, Satish Shah, Vishal Bhardwaj, Aamir Khan, Nana Patekar, Bhupinder Singh and Amarinder Sangha.
In 1996 he appeared in the Assamese-language film Adajya, and in 2007 acted in the theatrical reproduction of William Dalrymple's City of Djinns alongside Zohra Sehgal and Manish Joshi Bismil. He also appeared in a solo play 'Maulana', based on Maulana Azad for which he has received much critical acclaim. He has also received praise for his role in the art film Ocean of An Old Man, which has been screened at film festivals around the world. Alter's first cousin Stephen Alter, also born and raised in India, is a notable author and teacher. Both are graduates of Woodstock School, Mussoorie. Alter has also worked as the red robe guru in Mukesh Khanna's production Shaktiman (1998–2002). Tom has also acted in the role of a Doctor in a Rajat Kapoor's comedy movie "Bheja Fry".
by rickaustin February 9, 2011 3:05 PM
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PUTNAM
46121
COATESVILLE
IN
HENDRICKS
46122
DANVILLE
IN
HENDRICKS
46123
AVON
IN
HENDRICKS
46124
EDINBURGH
IN
JOHNSON
46125
EMINENCE
IN
MORGAN
46126
FAIRLAND
IN
SHELBY
46127
FALMOUTH
IN
RUSH
46128
FILLMORE
IN
PUTNAM
46129
FINLY
IN
HANCOCK
46130
FOUNTAINTOWN
IN
SHELBY
46131
FRANKLIN
IN
JOHNSON
46133
GLENWOOD
IN
FAYETTE
46135
GREENCASTLE
IN
PUTNAM
46140
GREENFIELD
IN
HANCOCK
46142
GREENWOOD
IN
JOHNSON
46143
GREENWOOD
IN
JOHNSON
46144
GWYNNEVILLE
IN
SHELBY
46146
HOMER
IN
RUSH
46147
JAMESTOWN
IN
BOONE
46148
KNIGHTSTOWN
IN
HENRY
46149
LIZTON
IN
HENDRICKS
46150
MANILLA
IN
RUSH
46151
MARTINSVILLE
IN
MORGAN
46154
MAXWELL
IN
HANCOCK
46155
MAYS
IN
RUSH
46156
MILROY
IN
RUSH
46157
MONROVIA
IN
MORGAN
46158
MOORESVILLE
IN
MORGAN
46160
MORGANTOWN
IN
BROWN
46162
NEEDHAM
IN
JOHNSON
46163
NEW PALESTINE
IN
HANCOCK
46164
NINEVEH
IN
JOHNSON
46165
NORTH SALEM
IN
HENDRICKS
46166
PARAGON
IN
MORGAN
46167
PITTSBORO
IN
HENDRICKS
46168
PLAINFIELD
IN
HENDRICKS
46170
PUTNAMVILLE
IN
PUTNAM
46171
REELSVILLE
IN
PUTNAM
46172
ROACHDALE
IN
PUTNAM
46173
RUSHVILLE
IN
RUSH
46175
RUSSELLVILLE
IN
PUTNAM
46176
SHELBYVILLE
IN
SHELBY
46180
STILESVILLE
IN
HENDRICKS
46181
TRAFALGAR
IN
JOHNSON
46182
WALDRON
IN
SHELBY
46183
WEST NEWTON
IN
MARION
46184
WHITELAND
IN
JOHNSON
46186
WILKINSON
IN
HANCOCK
46201
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46202
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46203
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46204
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46205
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46206
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46207
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46208
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46209
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46211
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46214
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46216
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46217
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46218
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46219
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46220
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46221
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46222
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46223
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46224
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46225
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46226
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46227
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46228
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46229
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46230
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46231
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46234
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46235
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46236
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46237
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46239
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46240
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46241
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46242
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46244
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46247
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46249
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46250
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46251
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46253
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46254
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46255
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46256
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46259
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46260
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46266
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46268
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46274
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46275
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46277
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46278
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46280
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
HAMILTON
46282
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46283
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46285
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46290
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
HAMILTON
46291
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46295
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46296
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46298
INDIANAPOLIS
IN
MARION
46301
BEVERLY SHORES
IN
PORTER
46302
BOONE GROVE
IN
PORTER
46303
CEDAR LAKE
IN
LAKE
46304
CHESTERTON
IN
PORTER
46307
CROWN POINT
IN
LAKE
46308
CROWN POINT
IN
LAKE
46310
DEMOTTE
IN
JASPER
46311
DYER
IN
LAKE
46312
EAST CHICAGO
IN
LAKE
46319
GRIFFITH
IN
LAKE
46320
HAMMOND
IN
LAKE
46321
MUNSTER
IN
LAKE
46322
HIGHLAND
IN
LAKE
46323
HAMMOND
IN
LAKE
46324
HAMMOND
IN
LAKE
46325
HAMMOND
IN
LAKE
46327
HAMMOND
IN
LAKE
46340
HANNA
IN
LA PORTE
46341
HEBRON
IN
PORTER
46342
HOBART
IN
LAKE
46345
KINGSBURY
IN
LA PORTE
46346
KINGSFORD HEIGHTS
IN
LA PORTE
46347
KOUTS
IN
PORTER
46348
LA CROSSE
IN
LA PORTE
46349
LAKE VILLAGE
IN
NEWTON
46350
LA PORTE
IN
LA PORTE
46352
LA PORTE
IN
LA PORTE
46355
LEROY
IN
LAKE
46356
LOWELL
IN
LAKE
46360
MICHIGAN CITY
IN
LA PORTE
46361
MICHIGAN CITY
IN
LA PORTE
46365
MILL CREEK
IN
LA PORTE
46366
NORTH JUDSON
IN
STARKE
46368
PORTAGE
IN
PORTER
46371
ROLLING PRAIRIE
IN
LA PORTE
46372
ROSELAWN
IN
NEWTON
46373
SAINT JOHN
IN
LAKE
46374
SAN PIERRE
IN
STARKE
46375
SCHERERVILLE
IN
LAKE
46376
SCHNEIDER
IN
LAKE
46377
SHELBY
IN
LAKE
46379
SUMAVA RESORTS
IN
NEWTON
46380
TEFFT
IN
JASPER
46381
THAYER
IN
NEWTON
46382
UNION MILLS
IN
LA PORTE
46383
VALPARAISO
IN
PORTER
46384
VALPARAISO
IN
PORTER
46385
VALPARAISO
IN
PORTER
46390
WANATAH
IN
LA PORTE
46391
WESTVILLE
IN
LA PORTE
46392
WHEATFIELD
IN
JASPER
46393
WHEELER
IN
PORTER
46394
WHITING
IN
LAKE
46401
GARY
IN
LAKE
46402
GARY
IN
LAKE
46403
GARY
IN
LAKE
46404
GARY
IN
LAKE
46406
GARY
IN
LAKE
46407
GARY
IN
LAKE
46408
GARY
IN
LAKE
46409
GARY
IN
LAKE
46410
MERRILLVILLE
IN
LAKE
46411
MERRILLVILLE
IN
LAKE
46501
ARGOS
IN
MARSHALL
46502
ATWOOD
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46504
BOURBON
IN
MARSHALL
46506
BREMEN
IN
MARSHALL
46507
BRISTOL
IN
ELKHART
46508
BURKET
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46510
CLAYPOOL
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46511
CULVER
IN
MARSHALL
46513
DONALDSON
IN
MARSHALL
46514
ELKHART
IN
ELKHART
46515
ELKHART
IN
ELKHART
46516
ELKHART
IN
ELKHART
46517
ELKHART
IN
ELKHART
46524
ETNA GREEN
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46526
GOSHEN
IN
ELKHART
46527
GOSHEN
IN
ELKHART
46528
GOSHEN
IN
ELKHART
46530
GRANGER
IN
ST JOSEPH
46531
GROVERTOWN
IN
STARKE
46532
HAMLET
IN
STARKE
46534
KNOX
IN
STARKE
46536
LAKEVILLE
IN
ST JOSEPH
46537
LAPAZ
IN
MARSHALL
46538
LEESBURG
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46539
MENTONE
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46540
MIDDLEBURY
IN
ELKHART
46542
MILFORD
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46543
MILLERSBURG
IN
ELKHART
46544
MISHAWAKA
IN
ST JOSEPH
46545
MISHAWAKA
IN
ST JOSEPH
46546
MISHAWAKA
IN
ST JOSEPH
46550
NAPPANEE
IN
ELKHART
46552
NEW CARLISLE
IN
ST JOSEPH
46553
NEW PARIS
IN
ELKHART
46554
NORTH LIBERTY
IN
ST JOSEPH
46555
NORTH WEBSTER
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46556
NOTRE DAME
IN
ST JOSEPH
46561
OSCEOLA
IN
ST JOSEPH
46562
PIERCETON
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46563
PLYMOUTH
IN
MARSHALL
46565
SHIPSHEWANA
IN
LAGRANGE
46566
SIDNEY
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46567
SYRACUSE
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46570
TIPPECANOE
IN
MARSHALL
46571
TOPEKA
IN
LAGRANGE
46572
TYNER
IN
MARSHALL
46573
WAKARUSA
IN
ELKHART
46574
WALKERTON
IN
ST JOSEPH
46580
WARSAW
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46581
WARSAW
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46582
WARSAW
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46590
WINONA LAKE
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46595
WYATT
IN
ST JOSEPH
46601
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46604
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46612
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46613
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46614
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46615
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46616
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46617
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46619
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46620
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46624
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46626
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46628
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46629
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46634
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46635
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46637
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46660
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46680
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46699
SOUTH BEND
IN
ST JOSEPH
46701
ALBION
IN
NOBLE
46702
ANDREWS
IN
HUNTINGTON
46703
ANGOLA
IN
STEUBEN
46704
ARCOLA
IN
ALLEN
46705
ASHLEY
IN
DE KALB
46706
AUBURN
IN
DE KALB
46710
AVILLA
IN
NOBLE
46711
BERNE
IN
ADAMS
46713
BIPPUS
IN
HUNTINGTON
46714
BLUFFTON
IN
WELLS
46720
BRIMFIELD
IN
NOBLE
46721
BUTLER
IN
DE KALB
46723
CHURUBUSCO
IN
WHITLEY
46725
COLUMBIA CITY
IN
WHITLEY
46730
CORUNNA
IN
DE KALB
46731
CRAIGVILLE
IN
WELLS
46732
CROMWELL
IN
NOBLE
46733
DECATUR
IN
ADAMS
46737
FREMONT
IN
STEUBEN
46738
GARRETT
IN
DE KALB
46740
GENEVA
IN
ADAMS
46741
GRABILL
IN
ALLEN
46742
HAMILTON
IN
STEUBEN
46743
HARLAN
IN
ALLEN
46745
HOAGLAND
IN
ALLEN
46746
HOWE
IN
LAGRANGE
46747
HUDSON
IN
STEUBEN
46748
HUNTERTOWN
IN
ALLEN
46750
HUNTINGTON
IN
HUNTINGTON
46755
KENDALLVILLE
IN
NOBLE
46759
KEYSTONE
IN
WELLS
46760
KIMMELL
IN
NOBLE
46761
LAGRANGE
IN
LAGRANGE
46763
LAOTTO
IN
NOBLE
46764
LARWILL
IN
WHITLEY
46765
LEO
IN
ALLEN
46766
LIBERTY CENTER
IN
WELLS
46767
LIGONIER
IN
NOBLE
46769
LINN GROVE
IN
ADAMS
46770
MARKLE
IN
HUNTINGTON
46771
MONGO
IN
LAGRANGE
46772
MONROE
IN
ADAMS
46773
MONROEVILLE
IN
ALLEN
46774
NEW HAVEN
IN
ALLEN
46776
ORLAND
IN
STEUBEN
46777
OSSIAN
IN
WELLS
46778
PETROLEUM
IN
WELLS
46779
PLEASANT LAKE
IN
STEUBEN
46780
PLEASANT MILLS
IN
ADAMS
46781
PONETO
IN
WELLS
46782
PREBLE
IN
ADAMS
46783
ROANOKE
IN
HUNTINGTON
46784
ROME CITY
IN
NOBLE
46785
SAINT JOE
IN
DE KALB
46786
SOUTH MILFORD
IN
LAGRANGE
46787
SOUTH WHITLEY
IN
WHITLEY
46788
SPENCERVILLE
IN
DE KALB
46789
STROH
IN
LAGRANGE
46791
UNIONDALE
IN
WELLS
46792
WARREN
IN
HUNTINGTON
46794
WAWAKA
IN
NOBLE
46795
WOLCOTTVILLE
IN
LAGRANGE
46796
WOLFLAKE
IN
NOBLE
46797
WOODBURN
IN
ALLEN
46798
YODER
IN
ALLEN
46799
ZANESVILLE
IN
ALLEN
46801
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46802
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46803
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46804
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46805
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46806
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46807
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46808
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46809
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46814
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46815
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46816
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46818
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46819
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46825
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46835
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46845
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46850
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46851
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46852
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46853
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46854
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46855
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46856
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46857
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46858
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46859
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46860
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46861
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46862
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46863
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46864
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46865
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46866
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46867
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46868
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46869
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46885
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46895
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46896
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46897
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46898
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46899
FORT WAYNE
IN
ALLEN
46901
KOKOMO
IN
HOWARD
46902
KOKOMO
IN
HOWARD
46903
KOKOMO
IN
HOWARD
46904
KOKOMO
IN
HOWARD
46910
AKRON
IN
FULTON
46911
AMBOY
IN
MIAMI
46912
ATHENS
IN
FULTON
46913
BRINGHURST
IN
CARROLL
46914
BUNKER HILL
IN
MIAMI
46915
BURLINGTON
IN
CARROLL
46916
BURROWS
IN
CARROLL
46917
CAMDEN
IN
CARROLL
46919
CONVERSE
IN
MIAMI
46920
CUTLER
IN
CARROLL
46921
DEEDSVILLE
IN
MIAMI
46922
DELONG
IN
FULTON
46923
DELPHI
IN
CARROLL
46926
DENVER
IN
MIAMI
46928
FAIRMOUNT
IN
GRANT
46929
FLORA
IN
CARROLL
46930
FOWLERTON
IN
GRANT
46931
FULTON
IN
FULTON
46932
GALVESTON
IN
CASS
46933
GAS CITY
IN
GRANT
46935
GRASS CREEK
IN
FULTON
46936
GREENTOWN
IN
HOWARD
46937
HEMLOCK
IN
HOWARD
46938
JONESBORO
IN
GRANT
46939
KEWANNA
IN
FULTON
46940
LA FONTAINE
IN
WABASH
46941
LAGRO
IN
WABASH
46942
LAKE CICOTT
IN
CASS
46943
LAKETON
IN
WABASH
46945
LEITERS FORD
IN
FULTON
46946
LIBERTY MILLS
IN
WABASH
46947
LOGANSPORT
IN
CASS
46950
LUCERNE
IN
CASS
46951
MACY
IN
MIAMI
46952
MARION
IN
GRANT
46953
MARION
IN
GRANT
46957
MATTHEWS
IN
GRANT
46958
MEXICO
IN
MIAMI
46959
MIAMI
IN
MIAMI
46960
MONTEREY
IN
PULASKI
46961
NEW WAVERLY
IN
CASS
46962
NORTH MANCHESTER
IN
WABASH
46965
OAKFORD
IN
HOWARD
46967
ONWARD
IN
CASS
46968
ORA
IN
STARKE
46970
PERU
IN
MIAMI
46971
GRISSOM ARB
IN
MIAMI
46974
ROANN
IN
WABASH
46975
ROCHESTER
IN
FULTON
46977
ROCKFIELD
IN
CARROLL
46978
ROYAL CENTER
IN
CASS
46979
RUSSIAVILLE
IN
HOWARD
46980
SERVIA
IN
WABASH
46982
SILVER LAKE
IN
KOSCIUSKO
46984
SOMERSET
IN
WABASH
46985
STAR CITY
IN
PULASKI
46986
SWAYZEE
IN
GRANT
46987
SWEETSER
IN
GRANT
46988
TWELVE MILE
IN
CASS
46989
UPLAND
IN
GRANT
46990
URBANA
IN
WABASH
46991
VAN BUREN
IN
GRANT
46992
WABASH
IN
WABASH
46994
WALTON
IN
CASS
46995
WEST MIDDLETON
IN
HOWARD
46996
WINAMAC
IN
PULASKI
46998
YOUNG AMERICA
IN
CASS
47001
AURORA
IN
DEARBORN
47003
WEST COLLEGE CORNER
IN
UNION
47006
BATESVILLE
IN
RIPLEY
47010
BATH
IN
FRANKLIN
47011
BENNINGTON
IN
SWITZERLAND
47012
BROOKVILLE
IN
FRANKLIN
47016
CEDAR GROVE
IN
FRANKLIN
47017
CROSS PLAINS
IN
RIPLEY
47018
DILLSBORO
IN
DEARBORN
47019
EAST ENTERPRISE
IN
SWITZERLAND
47020
FLORENCE
IN
SWITZERLAND
47021
FRIENDSHIP
IN
RIPLEY
47022
GUILFORD
IN
DEARBORN
47023
HOLTON
IN
RIPLEY
47024
LAUREL
IN
FRANKLIN
47025
LAWRENCEBURG
IN
DEARBORN
47030
METAMORA
IN
FRANKLIN
47031
MILAN
IN
RIPLEY
47032
MOORES HILL
IN
DEARBORN
47033
MORRIS
IN
RIPLEY
47034
NAPOLEON
IN
RIPLEY
47035
NEW TRENTON
IN
FRANKLIN
47037
OSGOOD
IN
RIPLEY
47038
PATRIOT
IN
SWITZERLAND
47039
PIERCEVILLE
IN
RIPLEY
47040
RISING SUN
IN
OHIO
47041
SUNMAN
IN
RIPLEY
47042
VERSAILLES
IN
RIPLEY
47043
VEVAY
IN
SWITZERLAND
47060
WEST HARRISON
IN
DEARBORN
47102
AUSTIN
IN
SCOTT
47104
BETHLEHEM
IN
CLARK
47106
BORDEN
IN
CLARK
47107
BRADFORD
IN
HARRISON
47108
CAMPBELLSBURG
IN
WASHINGTON
47110
CENTRAL
IN
HARRISON
47111
CHARLESTOWN
IN
CLARK
47112
CORYDON
IN
HARRISON
47114
CRANDALL
IN
HARRISON
47115
DEPAUW
IN
HARRISON
47116
ECKERTY
IN
CRAWFORD
47117
ELIZABETH
IN
HARRISON
47118
ENGLISH
IN
CRAWFORD
47119
FLOYDS KNOBS
IN
FLOYD
47120
FREDERICKSBURG
IN
WASHINGTON
47122
GEORGETOWN
IN
FLOYD
47123
GRANTSBURG
IN
CRAWFORD
47124
GREENVILLE
IN
FLOYD
47125
HARDINSBURG
IN
WASHINGTON
47126
HENRYVILLE
IN
CLARK
47129
CLARKSVILLE
IN
CLARK
47130
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47131
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47132
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47133
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47134
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47135
LACONIA
IN
HARRISON
47136
LANESVILLE
IN
HARRISON
47137
LEAVENWORTH
IN
CRAWFORD
47138
LEXINGTON
IN
SCOTT
47139
LITTLE YORK
IN
WASHINGTON
47140
MARENGO
IN
CRAWFORD
47141
MARYSVILLE
IN
CLARK
47142
MAUCKPORT
IN
HARRISON
47143
MEMPHIS
IN
CLARK
47144
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47145
MILLTOWN
IN
CRAWFORD
47146
MOUNT SAINT FRANCIS
IN
FLOYD
47147
NABB
IN
CLARK
47150
NEW ALBANY
IN
FLOYD
47151
NEW ALBANY
IN
FLOYD
47160
NEW MIDDLETOWN
IN
HARRISON
47161
NEW SALISBURY
IN
HARRISON
47162
NEW WASHINGTON
IN
CLARK
47163
OTISCO
IN
CLARK
47164
PALMYRA
IN
HARRISON
47165
PEKIN
IN
WASHINGTON
47166
RAMSEY
IN
HARRISON
47167
SALEM
IN
WASHINGTON
47170
SCOTTSBURG
IN
SCOTT
47172
SELLERSBURG
IN
CLARK
47174
SULPHUR
IN
CRAWFORD
47175
TASWELL
IN
CRAWFORD
47177
UNDERWOOD
IN
CLARK
47199
JEFFERSONVILLE
IN
CLARK
47201
COLUMBUS
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47202
COLUMBUS
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47203
COLUMBUS
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47220
BROWNSTOWN
IN
JACKSON
47223
BUTLERVILLE
IN
JENNINGS
47224
CANAAN
IN
JEFFERSON
47225
CLARKSBURG
IN
DECATUR
47226
CLIFFORD
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47227
COMMISKEY
IN
JENNINGS
47228
CORTLAND
IN
JACKSON
47229
CROTHERSVILLE
IN
JACKSON
47230
DEPUTY
IN
JEFFERSON
47231
DUPONT
IN
JEFFERSON
47232
ELIZABETHTOWN
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47234
FLAT ROCK
IN
SHELBY
47235
FREETOWN
IN
JACKSON
47236
GRAMMER
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47240
GREENSBURG
IN
DECATUR
47243
HANOVER
IN
JEFFERSON
47244
HARTSVILLE
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47245
HAYDEN
IN
JENNINGS
47246
HOPE
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47247
JONESVILLE
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47249
KURTZ
IN
JACKSON
47250
MADISON
IN
JEFFERSON
47260
MEDORA
IN
JACKSON
47261
MILLHOUSEN
IN
DECATUR
47262
NEBRASKA
IN
JENNINGS
47263
NEW POINT
IN
DECATUR
47264
NORMAN
IN
JACKSON
47265
NORTH VERNON
IN
JENNINGS
47270
PARIS CROSSING
IN
JENNINGS
47272
SAINT PAUL
IN
DECATUR
47273
SCIPIO
IN
JENNINGS
47274
SEYMOUR
IN
JACKSON
47280
TAYLORSVILLE
IN
BARTHOLOMEW
47281
VALLONIA
IN
JACKSON
47282
VERNON
IN
JENNINGS
47283
WESTPORT
IN
DECATUR
47302
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47303
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47304
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47305
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47306
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47307
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47308
MUNCIE
IN
DELAWARE
47320
ALBANY
IN
DELAWARE
47322
BENTONVILLE
IN
FAYETTE
47324
BOSTON
IN
WAYNE
47325
BROWNSVILLE
IN
UNION
47326
BRYANT
IN
JAY
47327
CAMBRIDGE CITY
IN
WAYNE
47330
CENTERVILLE
IN
WAYNE
47331
CONNERSVILLE
IN
FAYETTE
47334
DALEVILLE
IN
DELAWARE
47335
DUBLIN
IN
WAYNE
47336
DUNKIRK
IN
JAY
47337
DUNREITH
IN
HENRY
47338
EATON
IN
DELAWARE
47339
ECONOMY
IN
WAYNE
47340
FARMLAND
IN
RANDOLPH
47341
FOUNTAIN CITY
IN
WAYNE
47342
GASTON
IN
DELAWARE
47344
GREENSBORO
IN
HENRY
47345
GREENS FORK
IN
WAYNE
47346
HAGERSTOWN
IN
WAYNE
47348
HARTFORD CITY
IN
BLACKFORD
47351
KENNARD
IN
HENRY
47352
LEWISVILLE
IN
HENRY
47353
LIBERTY
IN
UNION
47354
LOSANTVILLE
IN
RANDOLPH
47355
LYNN
IN
RANDOLPH
47356
MIDDLETOWN
IN
HENRY
47357
MILTON
IN
WAYNE
47358
MODOC
IN
RANDOLPH
47360
MOORELAND
IN
HENRY
47361
MOUNT SUMMIT
IN
HENRY
47362
NEW CASTLE
IN
HENRY
47366
NEW LISBON
IN
HENRY
47367
OAKVILLE
IN
DELAWARE
47368
PARKER CITY
IN
RANDOLPH
47369
PENNVILLE
IN
JAY
47370
PERSHING
IN
WAYNE
47371
PORTLAND
IN
JAY
47373
REDKEY
IN
JAY
47374
RICHMOND
IN
WAYNE
47375
RICHMOND
IN
WAYNE
47380
RIDGEVILLE
IN
RANDOLPH
47381
SALAMONIA
IN
JAY
47382
SARATOGA
IN
RANDOLPH
47383
SELMA
IN
DELAWARE
47384
SHIRLEY
IN
HENRY
47385
SPICELAND
IN
HENRY
47386
SPRINGPORT
IN
HENRY
47387
STRAUGHN
IN
HENRY
47388
SULPHUR SPRINGS
IN
HENRY
47390
UNION CITY
IN
RANDOLPH
47392
WEBSTER
IN
WAYNE
47393
WILLIAMSBURG
IN
WAYNE
47394
WINCHESTER
IN
RANDOLPH
47396
YORKTOWN
IN
DELAWARE
47401
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47402
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47403
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47404
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47405
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47406
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47407
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47408
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47420
AVOCA
IN
LAWRENCE
47421
BEDFORD
IN
LAWRENCE
47424
BLOOMFIELD
IN
GREENE
47426
CLEAR CREEK
IN
MONROE
47427
COAL CITY
IN
OWEN
47429
ELLETTSVILLE
IN
MONROE
47430
FORT RITNER
IN
LAWRENCE
47431
FREEDOM
IN
OWEN
47432
FRENCH LICK
IN
ORANGE
47433
GOSPORT
IN
OWEN
47434
HARRODSBURG
IN
MONROE
47435
HELMSBURG
IN
BROWN
47436
HELTONVILLE
IN
LAWRENCE
47437
HURON
IN
LAWRENCE
47438
JASONVILLE
IN
GREENE
47439
KOLEEN
IN
GREENE
47441
LINTON
IN
GREENE
47443
LYONS
IN
GREENE
47445
MIDLAND
IN
GREENE
47446
MITCHELL
IN
LAWRENCE
47448
NASHVILLE
IN
BROWN
47449
NEWBERRY
IN
GREENE
47451
OOLITIC
IN
LAWRENCE
47452
ORLEANS
IN
ORANGE
47453
OWENSBURG
IN
GREENE
47454
PAOLI
IN
ORANGE
47455
PATRICKSBURG
IN
OWEN
47456
QUINCY
IN
OWEN
47457
SCOTLAND
IN
GREENE
47458
SMITHVILLE
IN
MONROE
47459
SOLSBERRY
IN
GREENE
47460
SPENCER
IN
OWEN
47462
SPRINGVILLE
IN
LAWRENCE
47463
STANFORD
IN
MONROE
47464
STINESVILLE
IN
MONROE
47465
SWITZ CITY
IN
GREENE
47467
TUNNELTON
IN
LAWRENCE
47468
UNIONVILLE
IN
MONROE
47469
WEST BADEN SPRINGS
IN
ORANGE
47470
WILLIAMS
IN
LAWRENCE
47471
WORTHINGTON
IN
GREENE
47490
BLOOMINGTON
IN
MONROE
47501
WASHINGTON
IN
DAVIESS
47512
BICKNELL
IN
KNOX
47513
BIRDSEYE
IN
DUBOIS
47514
BRANCHVILLE
IN
PERRY
47515
BRISTOW
IN
PERRY
47516
BRUCEVILLE
IN
KNOX
47519
CANNELBURG
IN
DAVIESS
47520
CANNELTON
IN
PERRY
47521
CELESTINE
IN
DUBOIS
47522
CRANE
IN
MARTIN
47523
DALE
IN
SPENCER
47524
DECKER
IN
KNOX
47525
DERBY
IN
PERRY
47527
DUBOIS
IN
DUBOIS
47528
EDWARDSPORT
IN
KNOX
47529
ELNORA
IN
DAVIESS
47531
EVANSTON
IN
SPENCER
47532
FERDINAND
IN
DUBOIS
47535
FREELANDVILLE
IN
KNOX
47536
FULDA
IN
SPENCER
47537
GENTRYVILLE
IN
SPENCER
47541
HOLLAND
IN
DUBOIS
47542
HUNTINGBURG
IN
DUBOIS
47545
IRELAND
IN
DUBOIS
47546
JASPER
IN
DUBOIS
47547
JASPER
IN
DUBOIS
47549
JASPER
IN
DUBOIS
47550
LAMAR
IN
SPENCER
47551
LEOPOLD
IN
PERRY
47552
LINCOLN CITY
IN
SPENCER
47553
LOOGOOTEE
IN
MARTIN
47556
MARIAH HILL
IN
SPENCER
47557
MONROE CITY
IN
KNOX
47558
MONTGOMERY
IN
DAVIESS
47561
OAKTOWN
IN
KNOX
47562
ODON
IN
DAVIESS
47564
OTWELL
IN
PIKE
47567
PETERSBURG
IN
PIKE
47568
PLAINVILLE
IN
DAVIESS
47573
RAGSDALE
IN
KNOX
47574
ROME
IN
PERRY
47575
SAINT ANTHONY
IN
DUBOIS
47576
SAINT CROIX
IN
PERRY
47577
SAINT MEINRAD
IN
SPENCER
47578
SANDBORN
IN
KNOX
47579
SANTA CLAUS
IN
SPENCER
47580
SCHNELLVILLE
IN
DUBOIS
47581
SHOALS
IN
MARTIN
47584
SPURGEON
IN
PIKE
47585
STENDAL
IN
PIKE
47586
TELL CITY
IN
PERRY
47588
TROY
IN
SPENCER
47590
VELPEN
IN
PIKE
47591
VINCENNES
IN
KNOX
47596
WESTPHALIA
IN
KNOX
47597
WHEATLAND
IN
KNOX
47598
WINSLOW
IN
PIKE
47601
BOONVILLE
IN
WARRICK
47610
CHANDLER
IN
WARRICK
47611
CHRISNEY
IN
SPENCER
47612
CYNTHIANA
IN
POSEY
47613
ELBERFELD
IN
WARRICK
47614
FOLSOMVILLE
IN
WARRICK
47615
GRANDVIEW
IN
SPENCER
47616
GRIFFIN
IN
POSEY
47618
INGLEFIELD
IN
VANDERBURGH
47619
LYNNVILLE
IN
WARRICK
47620
MOUNT VERNON
IN
POSEY
47629
NEWBURGH
IN
WARRICK
47630
NEWBURGH
IN
WARRICK
47631
NEW HARMONY
IN
POSEY
47633
POSEYVILLE
IN
POSEY
47634
RICHLAND
IN
SPENCER
47635
ROCKPORT
IN
SPENCER
47637
TENNYSON
IN
WARRICK
47638
WADESVILLE
IN
POSEY
47639
HAUBSTADT
IN
GIBSON
47640
HAZLETON
IN
GIBSON
47647
BUCKSKIN
IN
GIBSON
47648
FORT BRANCH
IN
GIBSON
47649
FRANCISCO
IN
GIBSON
47654
MACKEY
IN
GIBSON
47660
OAKLAND CITY
IN
GIBSON
47665
OWENSVILLE
IN
GIBSON
47666
PATOKA
IN
GIBSON
47670
PRINCETON
IN
GIBSON
47683
SOMERVILLE
IN
GIBSON
47701
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47702
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47703
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47704
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47705
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47706
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47708
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47710
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47711
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47712
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47713
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47714
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47715
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47716
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47719
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47720
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47721
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47722
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47724
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47725
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47727
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47728
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47730
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47731
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47732
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47733
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47734
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47735
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47736
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47737
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47739
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47740
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47741
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47744
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47747
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47750
EVANSVILLE
IN
VANDERBURGH
47801
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47802
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47803
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47804
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47805
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47807
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47808
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47809
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47811
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47812
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47813
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47814
TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47830
BELLMORE
IN
PARKE
47831
BLANFORD
IN
VERMILLION
47832
BLOOMINGDALE
IN
PARKE
47833
BOWLING GREEN
IN
CLAY
47834
BRAZIL
IN
CLAY
47836
BRIDGETON
IN
PARKE
47837
CARBON
IN
CLAY
47838
CARLISLE
IN
SULLIVAN
47840
CENTERPOINT
IN
CLAY
47841
CLAY CITY
IN
CLAY
47842
CLINTON
IN
VERMILLION
47845
COALMONT
IN
CLAY
47846
CORY
IN
CLAY
47847
DANA
IN
VERMILLION
47848
DUGGER
IN
SULLIVAN
47849
FAIRBANKS
IN
SULLIVAN
47850
FARMERSBURG
IN
SULLIVAN
47851
FONTANET
IN
VIGO
47852
GRAYSVILLE
IN
SULLIVAN
47853
HARMONY
IN
CLAY
47854
HILLSDALE
IN
VERMILLION
47855
HYMERA
IN
SULLIVAN
47856
JUDSON
IN
PARKE
47857
KNIGHTSVILLE
IN
CLAY
47858
LEWIS
IN
VIGO
47859
MARSHALL
IN
PARKE
47860
MECCA
IN
PARKE
47861
MEROM
IN
SULLIVAN
47862
MONTEZUMA
IN
PARKE
47863
NEW GOSHEN
IN
VIGO
47864
NEW LEBANON
IN
SULLIVAN
47865
PAXTON
IN
SULLIVAN
47866
PIMENTO
IN
VIGO
47868
POLAND
IN
CLAY
47869
PRAIRIE CREEK
IN
VIGO
47870
PRAIRIETON
IN
VIGO
47871
RILEY
IN
VIGO
47872
ROCKVILLE
IN
PARKE
47874
ROSEDALE
IN
PARKE
47875
SAINT BERNICE
IN
VERMILLION
47876
SAINT MARY WOODS
IN
VIGO
47878
SEELYVILLE
IN
VIGO
47879
SHELBURN
IN
SULLIVAN
47880
SHEPARDSVILLE
IN
VIGO
47881
STAUNTON
IN
CLAY
47882
SULLIVAN
IN
SULLIVAN
47884
UNIVERSAL
IN
VERMILLION
47885
WEST TERRE HAUTE
IN
VIGO
47901
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47902
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47903
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47904
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47905
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47906
WEST LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47907
WEST LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47909
LAFAYETTE
IN
TIPPECANOE
47916
ALAMO
IN
MONTGOMERY
47917
AMBIA
IN
BENTON
47918
ATTICA
IN
FOUNTAIN
47920
BATTLE GROUND
IN
TIPPECANOE
47921
BOSWELL
IN
BENTON
47922
BROOK
IN
NEWTON
47923
BROOKSTON
IN
WHITE
47924
BUCK CREEK
IN
TIPPECANOE
47925
BUFFALO
IN
WHITE
47926
BURNETTSVILLE
IN
WHITE
47929
CHALMERS
IN
WHITE
47930
CLARKS HILL
IN
TIPPECANOE
47932
COVINGTON
IN
FOUNTAIN
47933
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47934
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47935
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47936
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47937
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47938
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47939
CRAWFORDSVILLE
IN
MONTGOMERY
47940
DARLINGTON
IN
MONTGOMERY
47941
DAYTON
IN
TIPPECANOE
47942
EARL PARK
IN
BENTON
47943
FAIR OAKS
IN
JASPER
47944
FOWLER
IN
BENTON
47946
FRANCESVILLE
IN
PULASKI
47948
GOODLAND
IN
NEWTON
47949
HILLSBORO
IN
FOUNTAIN
47950
IDAVILLE
IN
WHITE
47951
KENTLAND
IN
NEWTON
47952
KINGMAN
IN
FOUNTAIN
47954
LADOGA
IN
MONTGOMERY
47955
LINDEN
IN
MONTGOMERY
47957
MEDARYVILLE
IN
PULASKI
47958
MELLOTT
IN
FOUNTAIN
47959
MONON
IN
WHITE
47960
MONTICELLO
IN
WHITE
47962
MONTMORENCI
IN
TIPPECANOE
47963
MOROCCO
IN
NEWTON
47964
MOUNT AYR
IN
NEWTON
47965
NEW MARKET
IN
MONTGOMERY
47966
NEWPORT
IN
VERMILLION
47967
NEW RICHMOND
IN
MONTGOMERY
47968
NEW ROSS
IN
MONTGOMERY
47969
NEWTOWN
IN
FOUNTAIN
47970
OTTERBEIN
IN
BENTON
47971
OXFORD
IN
BENTON
47974
PERRYSVILLE
IN
VERMILLION
47975
PINE VILLAGE
IN
WARREN
47977
REMINGTON
IN
JASPER
47978
RENSSELAER
IN
JASPER
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by jerry56 February 10, 2011 2:49 PM
When deciding where to go on vacation, it can be an extremely confusing and stressful time. By the end of it you may not even be as excited as you were before you started planning! This is why free, informational sites such as 10 Minute Travel have been created.
This site is dedicated to helping people find the vacation destination of their dreams providing very useful travel tips. They allow users to post reviews and articles on different vacation destinations they’ve been to, when writing these people should often keep in mind what resort or hotel they stayed in, what the cleanliness of the country and resort was like and the features that the vacation destination offers. It should also explain as to whether the country was suitable for children. For example, does the resort provide a good standard of children’s entertainment?
This is especially helpful when planning a vacation as so many destinations are offering everything and it is hard to differentiate between the good, the bad and the downright terrible.
The site was basically created so that people could literally go and view every country, and see what the experience in that country was like in ten minutes. Hence the name, ten minute travel. This site includes a map of the world, with flags in to notify users that a new article or review has been posted about this country. This is especially helpful when you have no idea of where to start planning your vacation!
The website currently holds 59 articles and 16 reviews; the site was first available on the internet in 2009 making this an extremely new way of looking for vacation destinations and considering the amount of hits it has had so far with its article and review pages it would seem that 10 Minute Travel is here to stay for a while.
The site also offers a forum for users so you can speak directly to people who have already experienced the vacation you may just be taking or planning.
by jemshop February 10, 2011 2:57 PM
As more and more Westerners begin to learn about the history and traditional values of Japan, more and more are beginning to welcome the customary items of Japan into their home. Often this is because the items that are normal in Japan are absolutely mind blowing here; the craftsmanship and work dedicated to these beautiful items of Japanese Arts often astound us, which is why we want to welcome these items and the culture and history behind it into our home.
One of the items that are currently being welcomed is hand towels known as Tenugui. This is a very thin Japanese towel made from fine cotton. These towels have a variety of uses in Japan such as hand towels, face towels, wash towels and dishcloths. They are usually always printed with a pattern on.
Although these have many uses around the home, many are choosing to collect them as art as the patterns on them are amazing. Each towel is hand dyed and printed and can only be made by a skilled craftsman of Tenugui, these items are true Japanese crafts.
The reason as to why many do not use them for their intended uses as home accessories is because the dye can run during the first uses and sometimes spoil the Tenugui. Although these items are reasonably priced from $20, they are items that should be kept in unused condition.
In some parts of the world they are worn as headscarves, the thin material and astounding pattern means they are suitable for all weather (if you are willing to get yours wet) and they are also suitable for different outfits making them a hot fashion accessory. They are sometimes worn by Japanese girls.
These towels have always been an essential item for the Japanese as they provide so much versatility. They can be kept in the kitchen, in the bathroom, in the lounge as decoration. People who own Tenugui from the West will sometimes wear them as head bands during exercise sessions, as they are good at absorbing perspiration.
The Tenugui are historical pieces of Japanese culture and should be welcomed and treasured into our modern day homes.
by jemshop February 10, 2011 2:58 PM
As more and more people are being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, there is now a need to know more information about it. Many have wrong conceptions if bipolar disorder and think that it is something to be frightened of or something that should be feared in a person. But it isn’t, it is a genuine disorder.
Years ago, we would not have the information we have now about these types of illness and any thought of it would be completely disregarded. We are now in an era where health physicians and the general public have an awareness of the disorder and now, thanks to websites such as Bipolar Central the awareness of it is larger than ever before.
The site aims to educate people with or without the disorder. The site is written by someone who has been diagnosed by bipolar, so they know the realistic effects of the disorder rather than the effects that the health physicians know about the disorder. Being diagnosed with bipolar disorder can mean a life of controlled anti depressants, but this shouldn’t be feared by sufferers, this should be welcomed as it helps tremendously as it can help to alleviate some symptoms that come with bipolar.
The site helps by using articles from sufferers of bipolar disorder and using articles that the creator has written himself with more symptoms and a more thorough description of the disorder.
As a site designed to help people with bipolar disorder or someone who knows someone close to them who has been diagnosed, this site also provides success stories; showing people that there is light at the end of the tunnel. A diagnosis is not a death sentence.
This site is perfect for motivational hints and tips for sufferers; it also provides a newsletter for hints and tips for dealing with bipolar.
by jemshop February 10, 2011 2:59 PM
Fashion is a large part of our modern day lives, it is advertised on television, billboards and there are magazines dedicated to fashion and it’s ever changing styles.
Another trend which is now more popular than ever is personalized t-shirts. Many people are now walking around with t-shirts that they designed or chose to design themselves. This can show off unique ability, or it can show off a person’s personality. Either way, they are becoming more prominent in our fashion.
Sites such as www.exprez.in specialize in the creating and selling of personalized t-shirts. This site is based in India and provides high quality made to order t-shirts; it allows the customer who wishes to buy a personalized tee to add their own photo, design or any logo they have created onto a t-shirt. This kind of marketing, such as t-shirt marketing can be extremely useful to businesses in their early days.
Many people are now wearing these personalized t-shirts more than shop bought t-shirts. This could be due the fact that everyone wants to be able to show off their own personality and ideas. T-shirts that have own designs or logos on are especially popular.
Since this site is based in India, the designs and logos already made for the website are based around the glamour of Bollywood, caricatures of famous Indian sports men such as Aamir Khan and the Krishna. But this site is popular and useful for ordering personalized t-shirts no matter what your taste.
They also provide menswear and womenswear so there is something for everyone. The sizes range from small, medium, large and X large for men and women and the prices average of around 250 rupees which is about $6 making personalized t-shirts completely affordable and available to everyone from any country around the world.
by jemshop February 10, 2011 2:59 PM
Looks like the DIRTBAGS at Reputation Defender tried to neutralize this post by posting all sorts of garbage.
Rodney Sparrow is GARBAGE. He is a liar, a con artist, and a thief.
Don't believe a word he says. He is a polished actor. He belongs in jail.
by AvoidAScam March 11, 2011 12:54 AM
HERE'S THE NEW FINANCIAL SCAM RODNEY SPARROW ALIKE:
Name: Francesco Del Fabro
Address: Via Garigliano 23
City: 30173 Mestre (VE)
Country: Italy
Phone: +393297337121
Identity theft too.
Very dangerous.
by blackeagle June 27, 2011 11:42 PM





